50 results
Triquetral Fracture
The triquetrum is the second most commonly fractured carpal bone. Look for the "pooping duck
fractured carpal bone ... "pooping duck sign ... common carpal bone ... "pooping duck sign ... fractures • ED Management
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... , Fragile bones/ ... easily/weakness, Bone ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Calcitriol: • Bones ... PO4- PTH: • Bones ... : ↑ Bone resorption ... : ↓ Bone resorption ... #endocrinology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... Calcium #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis and Management Summary
Clinical Signs:
 • hyperCalcemia 28% (bone demineralization)
 • Renal disease 48%
Summary Clinical Signs ... hyperCalcemia 28% (bone ... • Anemia 78% (bone ... macrocytic • Bone ... Diagnosis - Clonal bone
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
mechanical loading => Bone ... strain => Bone ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Diagnosis and Management ... - Accelerated Bone ... Formation: Hungy Bone ... Hypocalcemia #Diagnosis #Management ... #endocrinology
Osteoarthritis (OA): Clinical findings
 • Stimulation of joint nociceptors in subchondral bone -> Pain with loading
in subchondral bone ... architecture -> Palpable bony ... contact between bony ... Osteoarthritis #OA #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #signs
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Incr IGF1 • Bone ... activates lipolysis Signs ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology