104 results
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
Hypo-Mg2+ • Vitamin deficiency ... • Seizures • Hemolysis ... • Vitamin D deficiency ... hyperparathyroidism Treatment ... Differential #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency ... : • Vitamin C deficiency ... contribute to nonimmune hemolysis ... , or any other cause ... vasculitis Treatment
Causes of Extravascular and Intravascular Hemolysis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extravascular - Spleen and RES-mediated hemolysis
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Causes of Extravascular ... Intravascular Hemolysis ... Defects • G6PD deficiency ... • PK deficiency ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
Framework for Hemolysis ... Extravascular Causes ... Intravascular Hemolysis ... G6PD deficiency) ... Extravascular #Causes
Hemolytic Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hereditary:
 • Peripheral blood smear + DAT + further History
 •
Hemolytic Anemia ... DAT (-) → G6PD Deficiency ... Immune mediated hemolysis ... Microangiopathic hemolytic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 
1) DIAGNOSE AIHA
 • Anemia: macrocytic > normocytic, ↑ reticulocytes
 •
Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic ... reticulocytes • Hemolysis ... 2) LOOK FOR a cause ... Antibody #Autoimmune #Hemolytic ... diagnosis #management #treatment
Causes of Anemia with Normal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased WBCs
 - Decreased/NormaI
Causes of Anemia ... Bleed • Hemolysis ... Microangiopathic Hemolytic ... • Early Iron Deficiency ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Vitamin deficiency causes clinical disease
Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy.  Vitamin C is important for the
Vitamin deficiency ... causes clinical ... causes scurvy. ... causes failure ... #Pathophysiology
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
Iron Deficiency ... Heart Failure Pathophysiology ... → Inflammation causes ... functional ID) Treatment ... endpoint of all-cause
Causes of Anemia by Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Low Mean Corpuscular Volume (<80
Causes of Anemia ... 80 fL) • Iron Deficiency ... • Bleeding • Hemolysis ... • Folate Deficiency ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes