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Structure and function of the Adrenal Glands

#Adrenal #Glands #Function #Hormones #Actions #Pathophysiology #Endocrinology

** GrepMed Recommended Text:
Structure and function ... Adrenal #Glands #Function ... #Hormones #Actions ... #Pathophysiology
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... tubule (DCT) - Active ... Nephron #Segments #Function ... #Pathophysiology
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
and Functional ... Age-related changes, chronic ... Direct/indirect chest ... Causes of functional ... #Primary #Functional
Chronic Cough - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Red Flags:
 • Fever, night sweats, chills (infection)
 • Weight loss,
Chronic Cough - ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... lymadenopathy, clubbing, chest ... lung disease #Chronic ... #causes
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction and Ileus - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Ileus: Functional bowel "blockage", no peristalsis
Mechanical Obstruction:
Findings Ileus: Functional ... either acute or chronic ... percussion • Nausea ... obstruction #sbo #ileus #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid gland function-related ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Treatment of Stable Narrow-Complex Tachycardia
Regular Rhythm:
 • Attempt vagal maneuvers
 • Give adenosine 6 milligrams IV
atrial tachycardia, junctional ... B-blockers with caution ... Treat underlying cause ... Treat underlying cause ... management #cardiology #algorithm
Major Physiological Effects of Angiotensin II

Altered Peripheral Resistance
I. Direct vasoconstriction
II. Enhancement of peripheral noradrenergic
neurotransmission:
  A.
Altered Renal Function ... AngiotensinII #Pathophysiology ... #Action
Emergent Causes of Headache and Associated Risk Factors
Carbon monoxide poisoning
 - Breathing in enclosed or confined
Emergent Causes ... immunologic system function ... ) - Previous chronic ... meningitis - Previous chronic
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... - Diuretics (carbonic ... #Hypokalemia #Causes