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diagnosis differential nephrology renal acidosis calculi calculus hyperkalemia stones aniongap calcium diabetes diuresis diuretics emergency endocrinology headache hypercalcemia imaging incontinence
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type 1 - Failure of secretion Type 2 - Bicarbonate wasting Type 4 -
Acidosis (RTA) Type ... 1 - Failure of secretion ... wasting Type 4 ... proximal features and high ... #classification
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... calcium excretion ... calcium excretion ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... differential #diagnosis #causes
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
inhibitors Other causes ... Tubulointerstitial diseases - Urinary ... transplant - SLE High ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm ... #differential #causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... due to decreased urinary ... Ca2+ excretion: ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... diagnosis #calcium #high
Types of Urinary Incontinence - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
Types of Urinary ... contribute to any type ... #Urinary #Incontinence ... #Types #Classification ... #Causes #diagnosis
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... Proximal RTA (type ... (classic) RTA (type ... ketosis with ketone excretion
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... - Acquired - Primary ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... Diabetes #Insipidus #Classification ... #Types #Nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Regulating Renal Excretion ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Kidney stones caused ... Diuretics #Renal #Excretion ... #Medications #Table
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus AXR. KUB - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
non-invasive - High ... obstruction - Able ... identify non-calculus causes ... for non-calculus causes ... lower and upper urinary
Emergent Causes of Headache and Associated Risk Factors Carbon monoxide poisoning - Breathing in enclosed or confined
Emergent Causes ... febrile illness—any type ... dormitories) - Lack of primary ... intercourse or exertion
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