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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Acute and chronic kidney ... #Hyponatremia #Classification ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Diagnosis of Hypokalemia - Differential Algorithm 

Categorized by Causes: Redistribution, Extrarenal Losses, Renal Losses (High and
- Differential Algorithm ... Categorized by Causes ... Renal Losses (High ... #Differential #Algorithm
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... TTKG should be high ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... cirrhosis, chronic kidney ... insipidus • Kidney ... stones caused by ... #Medications #Table
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Metabolic Acidosis Causes ... of High-anion Gap ... and chronic) Causes ... Chronic progressive kidney
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
non-invasive - High ... obstruction - Able ... identify non-calculus causes ... for non-calculus causes ... Calculi #Renal #Kidney
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... transplant - SLE High ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm ... #differential #causes
Treatment of Stable Narrow-Complex Tachycardia
Regular Rhythm:
 • Attempt vagal maneuvers
 • Give adenosine 6 milligrams IV
Treatment of Stable ... Treat underlying cause ... Treat underlying cause ... #Stable #NarrowComplex ... management #cardiology #algorithm
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
amino acids in kidney ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Acute oliguric kidney ... Differential #Diagnosis #High ... #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes