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Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
with an Elevated Anion ... Acidosis #Diagnosis #Nephrology ... #Table #Differential ... #Causes
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... tubule (DCT) - Active ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Metabolic Acidosis Causes ... of High-anion Gap ... and chronic) Causes ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... TTKG should be high ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
non-invasive - High ... obstruction - Able ... identify non-calculus causes ... detection with function ... for non-calculus causes
Treatment of Stable Narrow-Complex Tachycardia
Regular Rhythm:
 • Attempt vagal maneuvers
 • Give adenosine 6 milligrams IV
Treatment of Stable ... B-blockers with caution ... Treat underlying cause ... Treat underlying cause ... management #cardiology #algorithm
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... loss: Nasogastric suction ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Kidney stones caused ... the Nonspecific Cation ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Medications Used in the Abortive Treatment of Ongoing Seizure Activity in the Emergency Department

INITIAL THERAPY
 -
Phenytoin - May cause ... required; use with caution ... #Medications #Neurology ... Pharmacology #Dosing #Table