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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
syndrome - Acute ... and chronic kidney ... deficit - Salt-losing ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... 1000 g/24 h) #Chronic ... #Diarrhea #management ... #algorithm #workup
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists ... Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists ... Atropine • Acute ... hyoscyamine • Diarrhea-predominant ... #Pharmacology #Table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Acute Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Are the following present?
   1.
Evaluation of Acute ... Diarrhea (< 7 days ... Hospitalization required #Acute ... #Diarrhea #management ... #algorithm #workup
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... Torsemide) • Acute ... (Aldosterone Antagonists ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
deficiency, Salt-losing ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... or chronic renal
Low Back Pain (Lumbago) - Common Differential Diagnosis and Patterns

Mechanical Low Back Pain:
Aching pain in the
Usually acute (< ... Commonly work related ... coughing, straining during ... Chronic Back Stiffness