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Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Gap and Metabolic ... #Gap #Metabolic ... Acidosis #Diagnosis #Nephrology ... #Table #Differential ... #Causes
Renal Actions of Diuretics

#Diuretics #Sites #Action #Nephron #Pharmacology #Nephrology
Renal Actions of ... Sites #Action #Nephron ... #Pharmacology # ... Nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Gap Metabolic Acidosis ... Causes of High-anion ... Generalized distal nephron ... #nephrology
Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis - Diagnostic Algorithm

Anion gap - MUDPILES: 
 - Methanol (formic
Metabolic and Respiratory ... Diagnostic Algorithm Anion ... late) Normal anion ... Addison disease - Renal ... Recommended Text: Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... UNa > 20: • Renal ... tubal acidosis and metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Segments of the Nephron ... organic acids and bases ... vasopressin control #Nephron ... Pathophysiology #Tubules #Table ... #Pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... Kidney stones caused ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology # ... Medications #Table
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Acquired - Primary renal ... Obstructive uropathy, Metabolic ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... Classification #Types #Nephrology
Adrenoceptor Actions
α1
 • Vascular smooth muscle - Contraction
 • Genitourinary smooth muscle - Contraction
 • Intestinal
Adrenoceptor Actions ... conduction velocity • Renal ... adrenergic #receptors #actions ... #pharmacology # ... pathophysiology #comparison #table
Causes of Hypokalemia
I. Decreased intake
   A. Starvation
   B. Clay ingestion
II. Redistribution into
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Renal 1. ... nonreabsorbed anions ... Classification #Causes