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diagnosis differential nephrology aniongap calculi calculus classification diuresis diuretics high hypokalemia hyponatremia medications metabolic nongap pharmacology potassium stones table types
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
oxoproline) • Renal ... Renal acidosis ... Chronic progressive kidney ... ketosis with ketone excretion ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... tubal acidosis ... Hypervolemia, ... #Causes #nephrology
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
urinary calcium excretion ... acidosis (type 1 ... amino acids in kidney ... tubular acidosis ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia Pseudohyperkalemia - Tourniquet use - Hemolysis (in vitro) - Leukocytosis - Thrombocytosis Intra- to extracellular
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... potassium shift - Acidosis ... potassium excretion ... tubular acidosis ... #Causes #diagnosis
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Excretion Carbonic ... irrigation • Management ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... stones caused by ... #Excretion #Diuresis
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Acidosis B. ... Inadequate excretion ... Renal resistance ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... tubular acidosis ... #diagnosis #nephrology
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