Manual of Medicine @ManualOfMedicine
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Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... acid and most diuretics ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... thiazide-like diuretics ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Hypokalemia #Causes
Renal Effect of NSAIDs Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis

 - Renal disease, Cardiovascular disease -> Decreased renal
Decreased renal blood flow ... Heart failure, Diuretics ... synthesis, leaving actions ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused ... the Nonspecific Cation ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... loss: Nasogastric suction ... • Drugs: Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... nephrology #magnesium #low
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Nasogastric suction ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... Drugs: - Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes
Treatment of Stable Narrow-Complex Tachycardia
Regular Rhythm:
 • Attempt vagal maneuvers
 • Give adenosine 6 milligrams IV
Treatment of Stable ... B-blockers with caution ... Treat underlying cause ... Treat underlying cause ... management #cardiology #algorithm
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction and Ileus - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Ileus: Functional bowel "blockage", no peristalsis
Mechanical Obstruction:
Findings Ileus: Functional ... pain • Flat/low ... percussion • Nausea ... obstruction #sbo #ileus #pathophysiology