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diagnosis causes algorithm classification types aniongap calculi calculus diabetes diuresis diuretics endocrinology excretion failure hypercalcemia hypokalemia hypomagnesemia hyponatremia injury insipidus
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
failure (acute ... Renal acidosis ... progressive kidney disease ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's disease ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
acidosis (type 1 ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... tubular acidosis ... #stones #differential
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... tubal acidosis ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... failure Hypervolemia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... - Renal transplant ... - SLE High Renin ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... Algorithm #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal PRE-RENAL Impaired perfusion: •
Causes of Acute ... • Inflammatory disease ... #Diagnosis #Acute ... Postrenal #Failure #Differential ... #Nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Acquired - Primary renal ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Classification #Types #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Acidosis B. ... uropathy, post-acute ... Acute oliguric kidney ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #High
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... tubular acidosis ... Hypomagnesemia, Acute ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Torsemide) • Acute ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
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