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diagnosis causes algorithm classification types acidosis aki aniongap calculi calculus diabetes diuresis diuretics endocrinology excretion hypercalcemia hypokalemia hypomagnesemia hyponatremia injury
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's ... disease, Hyperthyroidism ... #Causes #differential ... #high #endocrinology
Differential Diagnosis in Acute Renal Failure #Diagnosis #Differential #AKI #Acute #RenalFailure #KidneyInjury #Algorithm #Nephrology ** GrepMed Recommended Text:
in Acute Renal ... Failure #Diagnosis ... #Differential # ... KidneyInjury #Algorithm #Nephrology ... Recommended Text: Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... failure Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Cardiac failure ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... - Renal transplant ... - SLE High Renin ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... Algorithm #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal PRE-RENAL Impaired perfusion: •
perfusion: • Cardiac failure ... • Inflammatory disease ... Prerenal #Postrenal #Failure ... #Differential # ... Nephrology **
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... to treat heart failure ... #stones #differential
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... failure (acute ... progressive kidney disease ... Metabolic #Acidosis #differential ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Acquired - Primary renal ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Classification #Types #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Torsemide) • Acute ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Congestive heart failure ... uropathy, post-acute ... Acute oliguric kidney ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #High
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