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diagnosis causes algorithm classification renal acidosis aniongap calculi calculus central diabetes diuresis diuretics emergency endocrinology headache hypercalcemia hypomagnesemia hyponatremia insipidus
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... decreased urinary Ca2+ excretion ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
excretion, Increased ... excretion - Idiopathic ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... Renal #stones #differential
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... transplant - SLE High ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... Beta-Blockers #Hyperkalemia ... Algorithm #diagnosis #differential
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Renal failure (acute ... progressive kidney disease ... ketosis with ketone excretion ... Metabolic #Acidosis #differential ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Hypervolemia, ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Classification #Types ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Regulating Renal Excretion ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Torsemide) • Acute ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Inadequate excretion ... uropathy, post-acute ... Acute oliguric kidney ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #High
Causes of Peripheral and Central Vertigo PERIPHERAL VERTIGO 1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - Short-lived (typically less
Méniére's disease ... most common type ... Disease onset usually ... Vertigo #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #neurology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
after starvation, Acute ... Tubulointerstitial renal disease ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
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