11 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... perspiration Renal ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Cardiac failure #Hyponatremia ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... • Renal losses ... especially thiazide diuretics ... #Nephrology #Differential
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... • Renal losses ... especially thiazide diuretics ... #Nephrology #Differential
Causes of Secondary / Provoked Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Febrile
Infection
 • Sepsis
 • Encephalitis
 • Meningitis
Metabolic
Causes of Secondary ... Hypocalcemia • Hyponatremia ... Degenerative • Dementia ... Panic Disorder • Conversion ... Provoked #Seizures #Neurology
Diuretics - Pharmacology

Thiazides diuretics:
 • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule
 • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... Thiazides diuretics ... #Pharmacology # ... nephrology #conversion ... loop #thiazide #classes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
Medications Renal ... Losses Non-renal ... intake (anorexia, dementia ... • Discontinued diuretic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia ... ≥100): SIADH, Renal ... Losses (AKI, Post-AKI ... diuresis) RAAS ... table #sodium #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Heart Association class ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... • Hypovolemia: Diuretics ... Syndrome, Chronic Renal ... Algorithm #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium