15 results
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hyponatremia:
1) Identification of onset (acute vs. chronic)
2) Presence of symptoms (HA,
onset (acute vs. chronic ... volume status (edema ... history #Diagnosis #EM ... #IM #Nephro #Hyponatremia ... #Differential #Algorithm
NSAIDS and their effects on the Kidney - Pathophysiology

Arachidonic Acid metabolites into alternative pathways that modify
Nephron: CHF, HTN, Edema ... hyporenin hypoaldo, hyperkalemic ... distal nephron: Hyponatremia ... flow: Pre renal AKI ... KidneyDisease #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... diuretics) With edema ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... #Nephrology #Differential ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... diuretics) With edema ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... #Nephrology #Differential ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... : • Acute or chronic ... renal failure Hypervolemia ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
Causes of Chronic ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... eosinophiluria) • Drugs (NSAlDs ... Hyperoxaluria • Hypercalcemia ... KidneyDisease #Nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
polydipsia • Hypervolemia ... Nephrotic Syndrome, Chronic ... MH/CCF/CWRU EM ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... of hypotonic hyponatremia ... normal volume-based algorithm ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... table #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Creatinine • Chronic ... renal failure • AKI ... antagonism • NSAlDs ... IntercellularShift #Nephrology
Secondary Causes of Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertension - BP > 140/90 (>130/80 for DM)
Hypertensive urgency
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Nephritic syndrome • AKI ... Conn's syndrome • NSAlDs ... Hyperthyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... HTN #Secondary #Nephrology