13 results
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC ... • Exogenous (KCL ... #differential #diagnosis ... pathophysiology #pharmacology ... #potassium #medications
Osborn (J Wave)

Etiology 
• Hypothermia (below 320C / SOOF) 
• Normal variant 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Neurological
Normal variant • Hypercalcemia ... Neurological insult • Medications ... Osborn #JWave #Diagnosis ... #Differential #Cardiology ... #EKG #ECG #Hypothermia
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
- Differential Diagnosis ... in kidneys) - Medications ... - Chronic hypokalemia ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Table #Causes
Osborn waves - positive deflections at the J point (negative in aVR and V1) with a
people with high hypercalcemia ... brain injury, medications ... This EKG was recorded ... #Cardiology #diagnosis ... Electrocardiogram #ECG
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... Etiology: • Medications ... Antibiotics (Bactrim, PCN ... heparinized tube) • ECG ... Elimination (see Table
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Methacholine • Diagnosis ... symptomatic bradycardia (e.g ... #Antagonists #Medications ... #Pharmacology # ... Table
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
and Differential Diagnosis ... with previously stable ... disorders including hypokalemia ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #indications
The crusade against “Ab”Normal Saline continues.  This is a non-physiologic fluid that can harm our
its Chloride (Cl ... are balanced by Cl ... causes Hyperkalemia ... criticalcare #management #diagnosis ... #treatment #pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Inhibitors of Na+K+2Cl ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Preoperative Risk Evaluation

Major Pre-Op Questions:
1. Does the patient have any modifiable risk factors that could be
- Allergies to medications ... indicated • EKG ... Obtain EKG if: ... one post op Cardiology ... stratification #diagnosis