380 results
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... , ↑ PO4- reabsorption ... Kidneys: ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption ... , ↓ PO4- reabsorption ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... Stimulate calcium reabsorption ... @kdjhaveri #Hypercalcemia
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
Defect in Tubular Reabsorption ... Hereditary, Lithium, Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... Immobilization Hypercalcemia ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption
Differential Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia #Diagnosis #EM #IM #Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia #Hypercalemia #Ddxof
Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia ... Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia ... #Hypercalemia #
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... Ureterojejunostomy (reabsorption ... emcrit.org/ibcc/hyperkalemia ... management of hyperkalemia ... #Hyperkalemia
Stimulation of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Hyperglycemia
Accelerated breakdown of
VLDL and LDL, stimulation of bile secretion
VLDL +
Cholesterol
Energy metabolism†
02 con-
sumption
Heat metabolism
Osteoporosis Hypercalcemia ... GFR RPF Sodium reabsorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia ... Other Familial Hypercalcemias ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone Resorption