157 results
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Tea and Toast Syndrome ... • Renal Failure ... Hypovolemic - GI losses, renal ... Hypothyroidism, adrenal ... nephrotic syndrome
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute ... Other humoral syndromes ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
HYPOVOLEMIC • extra-renal ... - fevers • renal ... hypothyroidism • adrenal ... • nephrotic syndrome ... • renal failure
Pulmonary Renal Syndromes and Mimics - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage + rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
90%:
 -
Pulmonary Renal ... Levels: Scleroderma Renal ... with multiorgan failure ... Cardiac: heart failure ... AnnKumfer #Pulmonary #Renal
Breast Discharge - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High Prolactin + Normal TSH
 • Microprolactinoma
 • Steroid Hormone Intake
Intake • Chronic Renal ... Failure • Stress ... Production • Renal ... Cancer or Failure ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
UNa > 20: • Renal ... Bicarbonaturia with renal ... Acute or chronic renal ... failure Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Cardiac failure
Clinical manifestations of acute liver failure 

Brain: 
Hepatic encephalopathy,  
Cerebral edema,  
Intracranial hypertension,
Clinical manifestations ... of acute liver failure ... Kidney and adrenals ... #acute #liver #failure ... #Signs #Symptoms
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... failure, Addison's ... calcium)-alkali syndrome ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... GI losses • Renal ... Congestive heart failure ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Hypothyroidism • Adrenal
Kidney Syndromes - A Guide to Compartmentalize the Etiologies of Kidney Disease
1) Tubule and interstitium
2) Vasculature
3)
Kidney Syndromes ... galindozip #Renal ... #Kidney #Syndromes ... Diagnosis #Causes #Failure