70 results
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Tea and Toast Syndrome ... • Renal Failure ... Hypovolemic - GI losses, renal ... nephrotic syndrome ... Algorithm #causes #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
UNa > 20: • Renal ... Bicarbonaturia with renal ... failure Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Cardiac failure ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... GI losses • Renal ... Congestive heart failure ... • Nephrotic syndrome
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... GI losses • Renal ... Congestive heart failure ... • Nephrotic syndrome
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
clinical context and signs ... , HIV serology, ... renal biopsy • ... Abdominal compartment syndrome ... syndrome: troponin
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
- fevers • renal ... CHF • liver failure ... • nephrotic syndrome ... • renal failure ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
with short bowel syndrome ... ketoacidosis Renal ... acids in advanced renal ... failure Ketoacidosis ... GOLDMARK #mnemonic #nephrology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Na <20: Extra-renal ... Na < 20: Heart failure ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... failure Satya ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute ... Other humoral syndromes ... disease - Williams syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hypothyroidism – symptoms and signs.

Symptoms: 
Tiredness/malaise, 
Weight gain,
Anorexia,
Cold intolerance, 
Poor memory,
Change in appearance, 
Depression, 
Poor libido,
– symptoms and signs ... , Deafness Signs ... Hypothermia, Heart failure ... Carpal timel syndrome ... #PhysicalExam #Endocrinology