133 results
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
biliary cirrhosis ... / Symptoms: - ... #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs ... #Symptoms
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis - Diagnosis Algorithm
Symptoms: Fatigue, Pruritus, Right upper quadrant discomfort
Signs: Jaundice, Xanthelasmata, Hepatomegaly
Associated history:
Primary Biliary ... Cirrhosis - Diagnosis ... Algorithm Symptoms ... quadrant discomfort Signs ... of autoimmune disease
Common Etiologies of Cirrhosis

Inflammation

 - Hepatitis B (15 percent)

 - Hepatitis C (47 percent)

 - Schistosomiasis
- Autoimmune (types ... congenital - Primary ... (Budd-Chiari syndrome ... 14 percent) #Diagnosis ... #Differential #
Portal Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis
Portal Pressure = the pressure difference between the pressure in the portal
Hypertension - Differential ... Diagnosis Portal ... and hepatorenal syndrome ... pregnancy • Primary ... #Diagnosis #causes
Common causes of Acute Kidney Injury AKI - Differential Diagnosis
HEMODYNAMIC
 • Cardiac failure: Impaired forward flow,
Kidney Injury AKI - Differential ... Diagnosis HEMODYNAMIC ... inhibitors, hepatorenal syndrome ... GNs: Disease process ... Due to systemic disease
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) - Summary

PBC Epidemiology:
 • Female:Male 9:1
 • Common European descent
 • Age:
Primary Biliary ... 65 years PBC Pathophysiology ... failure PBC Signs ... and Symptoms: ... bile ducts Differential
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
hormone–dependent Primary ... Genetic disorders (e.g ... 1 or type 2A, familial ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
liver or kidney disease ... Corticosteroid use • Primary ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #diagnosis
Autoantibodies and their Disease Associations
ANA - Non-specific; common in SLE, autoimmune hepatitis
Anti-CCP, Rheumatoid factor - RA
Anti-dsDNA
, Anti-gp210 - Primary ... biliary cirrhosis ... - Vasculitis, e.g ... - Vasculitis, e.g ... #diagnosis #table
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) - Diagnostic Criteria
HRS-AKI (Acute: previously known as HRS Type 1)
 • ↑ Creatinine
Hepatorenal Syndrome ... (HRS) - Diagnostic ... previously known as HRS Type ... cause of kidney disease ... #diagnosis #HRSAKI