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Summary of Diuretic Agents 
Subclass, Drug, Mechanism of Action, Effects, Clinical Applications, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interaction
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Summary of Diuretic ... , Interaction CARBONIC ... VASOPRESSIN (ADH) ANTAGONISTS ... Tolvaptan #Diuretics ... Pharmacology #summary #table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... Torsemide) • Acute ... (Aldosterone Antagonists ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... #Medications #Table
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
syndrome - Acute ... and chronic kidney ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Renal losses, Diuretic ... deficiency, Salt-losing ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... or chronic renal
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
nasogastric suction, Diarrhea ... (carbonic anhydrase ... thiazide-like diuretics ... , Osmotic diuresis ... Hypomagnesemia, Acute
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists ... Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists ... Atropine • Acute ... hyoscyamine • Diarrhea-predominant ... #Pharmacology #Table
Pharmacologic Treatments of Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy
Central alpha-agonists
 - Methyldopa
 - Clonidine
Combined alpha- and beta-blocker
 -
Treatments of Chronic ... Hydralazine - Diuretics ... Hypertension #Pregnancy #Management ... Pharmacology #HTN #Table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... diarrhea 2. ... 1000 g/24 h) #Chronic ... #Diarrhea #management
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Renal failure (acute ... and chronic) Causes ... Diarrhea B. ... Chronic progressive ... Potassium-sparing diuretics
Compelling and Possible Contraindications to Antihypertensive Drugs
Diuretics (thiazides)
 - Gout
 - Metabolic syndrome, Glucose intolerance, Pregnancy,
Antihypertensive Drugs Diuretics ... Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists ... active patients, Chronic ... contraindications #table