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differential calculi calculus hypercalcemia hyperkalemia nephrology stones acidosis algorithm calcium classification diuresis diuretics excretion hyperthyroid hypothyroid imaging kidney medications metabolic
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... progressive kidney disease ... exchange resins #aniongap ... #differential #diagnosis
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
The Diagnostic Approach ... inhibitors Other causes ... - Renal transplant ... - SLE High Renin ... #differential #causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... breast, lung, renal ... lung cancer • Renal ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Laboratory Evaluation of Patients for Thyroid Disease Hyperthyroidism: • Graves disease - TSH low; free T4
Patients for Thyroid Disease ... Hyperthyroidism: • Graves disease ... ; in some cases, ... #differential #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus AXR. KUB - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
non-invasive - High ... identify non-calculus causes ... abdominal pain: diagnoses ... retroperitoneal disease ... for non-calculus causes
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #calculus
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Kidney stones caused ... Inhibitors of Renal
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Renal resistance ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #High #Potassium ... Classification #Causes
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