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Mechanical Bowel Obstruction and Ileus - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Ileus: Functional bowel "blockage", no peristalsis
Mechanical Obstruction:
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction ... Findings Ileus: Functional ... either acute or chronic ... percussion • Nausea ... #sbo #ileus #pathophysiology
Shock - Pathophysiology 
Inadequate tissue perfusion to meet O2, nutrient requirements
1. Distributive Shock
2. Hypovolemic Shock
3. Cardiogenic
Shock - Pathophysiology ... Obstructive Shock ... #Shock #Pathophysiology ... differential #diagnosis #algorithm ... #causes
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
- Able to identify ... non-calculus causes ... detection with function ... for non-calculus causes ... of obstruction
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... Nephron #Segments #Function ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... : • Acute or chronic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
and Functional ... Destruction of MV ... Age-related changes, chronic ... Causes of functional ... #Primary #Functional
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Kidney stones caused ... cirrhosis, and chronic ... liver cirrhosis, chronic ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... - Diuretics (carbonic ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology