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diagnosis differential nephrology hypokalemia potassium classification hyponatremia low medications pharmacology renal acidosis aniongap antihypertensive bloodpressure calculi calculus constipation contraindications excretion
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... thiazide-like diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... mimics thiazide diuretic
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #Causes #nephrology
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status Hypervolemic hypernatremia - CHF
Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Compelling and Possible Contraindications to Antihypertensive Drugs Diuretics (thiazides) - Gout - Metabolic syndrome, Glucose intolerance, Pregnancy,
Antihypertensive Drugs Diuretics ... , Hypokalemia, Erectile ... higher risk of hyperkalemia ... - Pregnancy, Hyperkalemia ... contraindications #table
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Increased Loss - Increased GI Loss - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Refeeding Syndrome #Hypokalemia ... #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia: • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample! • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Hypokalemia ... Hyperkalemia ... Drug-induced hyperkalemia ... Potassium-sparing diuretics
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
organic acids and bases ... acid and most diuretics ... Segments #Function #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... virus or HIV/AIDS, diuretics ... differential #diagnosis #causes
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