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diagnosis differential classification table hyponatremia types acute algorithm aniongap calculi calculus defects diabetes diuresis diuretics endocrinology epithelial excretion failure high
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
oxoproline) • Renal ... Renal acidosis ... Hypokalemia ... Chronic progressive kidney ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... tubal acidosis ... failure Hypervolemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Types of Renal Calculi Calcium oxalate - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... acidosis (type 1 ... amino acids in kidney ... tubular acidosis ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal PRE-RENAL Impaired perfusion: •
Causes of Acute ... Kidney Injury ( ... ) - Prerenal, Renal ... Diagnosis #Acute #Kidney ... #Differential #Nephrology
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... breast, lung, renal ... lung cancer • Renal ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic kidney ... #Causes #endocrinology
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status Hypervolemic hypernatremia - CHF
Acute and chronic kidney ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... Drugs - SIADH Renal ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
Inherited Defects in Kidney ... Epithelial Cells Renal ... receptor Distal renal ... tubular acidosis ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Causes of Hyperkalemia Pseudohyperkalemia - Tourniquet use - Hemolysis (in vitro) - Leukocytosis - Thrombocytosis Intra- to extracellular
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... potassium shift - Acidosis ... tubular acidosis ... ) #Hyperkalemia ... #Causes #diagnosis
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... stones caused by ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Acidosis B. ... Renal resistance ... End-stage renal ... Classification #Causes
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